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After a critical review of the literature data on the standard enthalpy of formation of ZnSb, discrepancies between various experimental studies are highlighted. Moreover, experimental values disagree with values calculated by ab initio methods. As many of the experimental methods used suffer from some serious drawbacks, a new determination of the standard enthalpy of formation of ZnSb by an alternative...
Phase equilibria in ternary Ti-Fe-Cr system at 873 and 1173K were investigated in this work. Based on the phase constitutions and phase compositions in 32 samples prepared using the equilibrated alloys, the isothermal sections of the Ti-Fe-Cr ternary system were established. For this system, there were six three-phase regions at both 873 and 1173K, the phase relations at the studied two temperatures...
The isothermal section of the Mo–Ni–Zr system at 1100°C was investigated by characterization of eight equilibrium alloys. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) were used to identify the stable phases and obtain their compositions. The Mo–Ni–Zr system was then optimized by means of CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) technique with the consideration of experimental data...
In order to develop the thermodynamic database containing rare earth sesquioxides (RE2O3), accurate thermodynamic descriptions of all stable and metastable RE2O3 phases are required. Rare earth sesquioxides have five polymorphs, which are (from low to high temperature) the cubic phase (C), the monoclinic phase (B), the hexagonal phase (A), the high temperature hexagonal phase (H), and the high temperature...
The present study is the first Calphad-type assessment of the Cu–Fe–O–Si system. All relevant thermodynamic and phase equilibrium data have been critically evaluated to produce a thermodynamic database describing the Gibbs energies of all phases in the system. The predictive range of the database covers all conditions of pyrometallurgical production of copper in terms of temperature and oxygen partial...
We investigated Fe recovery from EAF slag by means of aluminothermic smelting reduction (ASR) at 1773K with Al dross as the reductant, especially the effect of the added amount of the fluxing agent CaO on the Fe recovery. The maximum reaction temperature calculated using FactSage™ 7.0 decreased with increasing CaO addition, but the experimentally measured maximum temperatures increased with increasing...
Four key samples of the Mg-Ca-Sn ternary system in the Mg-rich region at 415 and 350°C have been determined using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (EDS). The existence of the CaMgSn ternary compound was confirmed in these two isothermal sections. Thermodynamic optimizations of the Ca-Sn binary system and Mg-Ca-Sn ternary system were carried...
Vacuum processing techniques are a valuable industrial tool for the processing of reactive metals and alloys. However, drawbacks caused by the selective volatilization of alloying elements lead to an hard prediction of final alloy composition. By understanding the behaviour of the alloying elements and the interactions between them, improved compositional accuracy can be achieved. The evaluation of...
The designed liquid immiscibility of Cu-Ni-Fe-Mo-Si alloy led to separation of the spherical second liquid in the Cu-rich liquid, which solidified into coarse hard grains packed with Laves phase. The coarseness of hard grains was controlled not only by the repulsive interactions in Cu–Fe and Cu–Mo system, but also the refining effect of Ni and Si. CALPHAD analysis of the multicomponent system confirmed...
The Fe-Gd and Fe-Sm binary systems were re-assessed thermodynamically using the CALPHAD method based on the critical evaluation of previous optimizations and available experimental information in the published literature. The solution phases including liquid, fcc-Fe, bcc-Fe, bcc-Gd, hcp-Gd, bcc-Sm, hcp-Sm and rhombohedral-Sm, were described by the substitutional solution model and their excess Gibbs...
We present a set of software tools that largely automate the process of converting ab initio data into thermodynamic databases that can readily be imported into standard thermodynamic modeling softwares. These tools are based on the Special Quasirandom Structures (SQS) formalism, extended to transparently handle, not only traditional fcc, bcc and hcp solid solutions, but also multiple-sublattice structures...
The phase equilibria, thermodynamic properties and diffusion mobilities of the Fe-Co system were carefully assessed through the CALPHAD methods. As an indispensable tool, the first-principles calculations were carried out to study the magnetic moments and the enthalpies of mixing of the bcc_A2, bcc_B2, fcc_A1 and hcp_A3 phases as well as the point defect types of the bcc_B2 phase. In order to verify...
Considering the size effect of nanoparticles on surface tension, a new CALPHAD type thermodynamic model was developed to predict phase diagram of binary alloy nanoparticle systems. In contrast to conventional model, the new model can be applied to the nanoparticles smaller than the critical size (5NM in radius). For an example, the model applied to Ag – Au binary system and the results were compared...
Sigma phase formation in an UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel aged at 940°C was evaluated by computational simulation in DICTRA® software, using MOB2 diffusion database and TCFE8 thermodynamic database. Simulation results were compared to experimental tests. Two models were tested in DICTRA® software: in model 1 sigma phase are placed between ferrite and austenite, and in model 2 sigma is placed at...
The phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the Al–Ge–Ni system are useful for understanding the diffusion process during the transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. In this work, the thermodynamic description of the Al–Ge–Ni system over the whole composition and temperature ranges was performed by means of the CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) method. The enthalpies of mixing of the...
The Al-C-Fe system was assessed in the framework of the CALPHAD approach. Through the critical review of thermochemical properties of liquid Al-Fe alloys, the binary Al-Fe description was revised to agree better with the experimental data. The partitioning model based on the Compound Energy Formalism (CEF) was utilized to describe the disordered and ordered bcc, fcc and κ phases. Moreover, ab initio...
The Au-Ni nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by oleylamine solvothermal synthesis from metal precursors. The Au-Ni phase diagram prediction respecting the particle size was calculated by the CALPHAD method. The hydrodynamic size of the AuNi NPs in a nonpolar organic solvent was measured by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The average hydrodynamic sizes of the nanoparticle samples were between...
Several numerical strategies are presented that can be used to effectively and efficiently update the estimated assemblage of stable phases in a Gibbs energy minimizer. Decisions must be made in selecting which phase should be added to or withdrawn from the system, the order in which certain combinations should be considered, testing procedures of the appropriateness of a candidate system for further...
Five-sublattice and two-sublattice models have been built to describe the PbX (X=S,Te) semiconductors using the CALPHAD method. The five-sublattice model has three additional sublattices to explicitly model interstitials, electrons, and holes. The experimental literature has been critically reviewed and many high temperature carrier concentration results used in previous assessments have been shown...
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